The analysis of the whole-genome sequences of Vibrio cholerae strains from previous and current cholera pandemics has demonstrated that genomic changes and alterations in cholera toxin were major features in the evolution of V. cholerae.
By understanding the mechanisms and driving forces of historical and current changes in the V. cholerae population, it would be possible to predict the direction of such changes and the evolution of new variants; this has implications for the battle against cholera.
The expression of virulence genes, such as CT and TCP during V. cholerae infection is controlled by ToxT, which is regulated by ToxR/ToxS and TcpP/TcpH in the intestinal environment.
Recently, we have reported that the toxT-139F allele facilitates the production of CTand TCP in V. cholerae strains., which implies that in vitro virulence gene expression in V. cholerae needs to be interpreted from another point of view.
Moreover, we have found that V. cholerae strains could be manipulated to constitutively express the virulence genes.
These results could be applied in studies of cholera toxin as effective mucosal adjuvant development and next-generation cholera vaccines.